THE
L. Körtvélyessy
Observatory
Summary: beautiful
filament-systems are often shown by the astonishing development of the modern
astronomy. Most of these filaments have an exact circular cross section. Filaments
have the same interesting characteristics from a diameter of 0.01 mm to that
of many 1000 of light-years. Filaments are incorrectly seen to be of plasma,
however, particles move in only one direction in them, often against gravity.
In this non-thermal (fifth-) state of matter, particles have up to 1016
-times higher energy than those in the hottest stellar plasma. The corona-problem
and hundreds of other problems of astrophysics are solved at once. Only six
states of matter are possible, all are briefly described.
Key words: Acceleration of particles, Bose-Einstein condensate,
corona, corona problem, cosmic rays, fifth state of matter, filament,
flux tube, forbidden lines, heat-motion, hypernova, jet, lightning, magnetic
tube, non-thermal-phenomena, pinch-effect, plasma, solar dynamo, state of
matter, supernova, temperature-scale.
WHEN THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE
IS TOO LOW
PHYSICS OF THE FILAMENTS:
THE FIFTH STATE OF MATTER
THE SOLAR CORONA IS IN THE FIFTH
STATE OF MATTER (and not hot!)
RECENT FANTASTIC ASTRONOMY
FINDS MANY FILAMENTS
THE PARTICLES
OF THE HIGHEST ENERGY : THE
COSMIC RAYS.
Ice is transformed to water
at 0°C when the energy of its molecules (particles) increases. Water
is similarly transformed to vapour at 100°C (Fig.1). Much stronger zigzag
motion of the particles separates and ionises hydrogen and oxygen i.e. plasma
comes into existence (above 13 000 K). Do all bodies fit one of these four
states of matter? The answer is: no, e.g. the solar corona does not!
Fig. 1 The temperature scale. It starts at 0K. Is
it infinite long or does it have a highest end?
This paper calls to mind that all these celestial bodies which do not seem
to obey thermodynamics, gravity and many other physical laws - have a filament
form. Now, this paper shows that they are not in the fourth but in a fifth
state of matter. No complicated, forced, “ad hoc” models like
magnetic tubes, magnetic beds, magnetic tornados, shock waves, interactions
of two stellar winds, photon pressure, frozen-in magnetic fields are necessary
but simply a new state of matter for all filaments and jets. Filaments and jets
in the fourth state of matter contradict physics many hundred times but they
clearly obey all laws of physics in the fifth state of matter. Spark, lightning,
ion beam, mercury-filament (in mercury-lamps)
and electron beam in TV have a characteristic cylinder-form with exact circular
cross section, a well defined matter and a measurable particle-energy, however
nobody asks in which state of matter they are? In mercury lamps, mercury ions
fly from the fluid state into the filament and back into the fluid state.
Are these mercury ions of the filament in no state of matter? Also the very
similar – only larger - celestial filaments are often believed to be
of plasma. It will be shown: terrestrial and celestial filaments do not consist
of plasma. They are very similar because they are in the same fifth state
of matter. Chandra discovered a “World of wild Giants”: jets are
up to 7 million light-years long and of nearly light-velocity (3C236). The
mass of the filament of the Centaurus galaxy-cluster is about 109 sunmasses.
Solid, liquid, gas and plasma bodies can be found in the temperature scale,
where are these filaments, perhaps above 10 MK (in Coma cluster)? The answer
is surprising for all scientists who naively believe in a non-electric Universe,
because most of the celestial bodies cannot be found in the temperature scale.
They are non-thermal bodies, they are in the fifth state of matter.
Up to now, the highest temperature has been remained
hidden in supposed infinite energy-ranges of mysterious hypernovae, gamma
ray bursts and unknown processes. We cannot imagine a limit.
Celsius’s scale (1742) did not show
a coldest or highest end (Fig.1). However, Kelvin´s scale (1851) had
a natural coldest end at 0 K where the zigzag motion of the particles stops.
Matter of a temperature of -1 K cannot exist (Fig.1) but does
matter exist above 1010K, 1020K or even 1030K?
Surprisingly, we can simply find a natural highest end below 1010K
by taking the Stefan-Boltzmann law into account. The P power of the heat-emission at T temperature of all stars is:
P
= σ T4 |
(1) |
where σ is the heat-radiation constant (6.7×10-8 m-2
K-4). From its approx. 109K hot plasma, a supernova
emits as much heat as a galaxy, according to equ.1. A hypothetic „hypernova“
of 1010 K would radiate naturally not 10 times more power than
the supernova of, but 104 times more! This lost heat should have
been produced by the forming of 10 000 neutron stars and not by only one neutron
star. Moreover, this “hypernova” would strikingly radiate as 10
000 galaxies do. Chandra recently confirmed that these “hypernovae”
do not exist. It found all three alleged hypernova-remnants as observational
errors (Snowden ApJ 2001 June). Weekly supernovae are discovered but no one
hypernova since centuries (S&T 2001 Dec.). The steep Stephan-Boltzmann
law (1) and the most energetic
processes limit the temperature-scale just at the observed supernova-limit
of about 109K. Hotter stars cannot be found because they cannot
exist. They would radiate too much power (1) which cannot be produced. (Gamma
ray bursts are non-thermal explosions without Planck-radiation.)
Celestial bodies have a maximal
temperature at about 109 K.
Generally, the average thermal energy E of a particle is shown in equation
(2) if its velocity is v and
mass is m at a temperature T:
|
(2) |
where k is the Boltzmann constant: 1.38 × 10-23 J/K.
Some examples: Electrons in the TV-beam have a
particle-energy E of 26 000
electronvolt due to their accelerator-voltage of 26 000 V. The solar surface
has about 1 eV or 6000 K, the solar core 2000 eV or 15 million K. Note, that
electrons in the TV have 13 times higher energy than those in the solar core!
Electrons of a lightning of 108 eV have even a thousand times higher
energy than electrons in supernovae of 105 eV or 109 K.
The lightning would have a “temperature of 1012 K”
if it would be a plasma-body. It would emit a power more than that of 1011
suns from its body of only about 2 mł (equ.1)! This impossible power-density also shows that
this “1012 K” is as impossible as “– 1K”!
The upper limit of the cosmic ray particles
is at 1021 eV. We must discover the broad 16 orders between 105
eV and 1021 eV. All bodies which obey the Stephan-Boltzmann law
(equ.1) cannot exist in this range. We shall see, this is the exclusive range
of filaments.
One 1021 eV-particle could elevate
1 kg into the altitude of 1.6 m but a particle of the hottest star only into
1.6 x10-13 mm. How are these
cosmic ray particles accelerated? It is clear via equ.1 that a „super-hypernova“
should have the fusion-power of 1084 suns in order to have these
particles of 1021 eV on its „plasma-surface“ (instead
of the existing 1 eV)! „Lots of unsolved problems...are connected with particle acceleration“
(Trimble). The highest possible temperatures
are by many orders too low to accelerate these particles of the cosmic rays.
A correct model must also show why are these particles just atom-cores without
electrons and not neutral atoms?
Calculating the heat emission
of a filament, we can test whether e.g. the TV-beam obeys equ.1? The electron
current I is 0.001 A, the voltage U is 26 000 V, therefore the
power P is
P = U × I = 26
000 V × 0.001 A = 26 W |
(3) |
Electrons in the TV-beam
have 26 000 eV i.e. 13 times higher energy than electrons of the solar core-plasma
of 2 000 eV ~ 15 million K. Usually, all bodies of very energetic particles
(e.g. lightning, mercury-arc, welding-arc) were considered to be of plasma.
Does this TV-beam consist of very energetic plasma? If yes, this plasma
would emit the received electric power of 26 W as a heat-radiation of 26 W (equ.1)!
The TV electron beam is no simple “electric
current flowing somehow in vacuum”. The electrons should electrostatically
explode in vacuum, they have no positive copper ions which keep them in a
wire. However, this pure negative charge is kept together by the pinch effect
i.e. parallel electric currents attract each other and form a minimal (circular)
cross section. The round spot on the screen proves that the beam is a body
of an exact circular cross section. It keeps its cross section also after
bending in magnetic fields and varying in its intensity. This beam is a thin body of a characteristically
exact form similar to the 0.1 mm thin Ca(OH)2Si2O3
– crystal.
The calculation of the heat-balance is as follows: The beam has a diameter
of 0.1 mm and a length of about 500 mm, its surface is 150 mm˛. The solar
surface emits 63 W/mm˛, therefore, the TV-beam would emit 63 W/mm˛ ×
150 mm˛ = 9450 W if its „temperature“ would be equal to that
of the solar surface. But we must take the „temperature“
of the alleged TV-plasma-beam of 13 × 15 million K = “195 million K”
(~26 000 eV) into account (equ.2) ! The relation of the „temperature“
of the beam and that of the solar surface is:
195 000 000K / 6000K > 30 000
We must take 9450 W just 30
0004 times according to the T4 law (equ.1). The
result is: 1022 W and not 26 W! About 40 000 TV-beams
of a small city would radiate more power than the whole Sun if the TV-beam
was of plasma! A “plasma filament” of a mercury lamp would melt
a house in microseconds. These impossible results prove that the TV-beam (or
an ion-beam) is no plasma body! It does not obey the heat radiation law (equ.1).
This result can be simply understood because the beam-electrons fly parallel
to the beam-axis along straight lines with constant velocity. The zigzag-motion
of plasma does not exist in this beam. Such particles do not emit heat, independently
of their very high particle-energy. But the zigzag motion in the electrongas
around the hot cathode (of some 10-2 eV i.e.1000 K) is smoothened
by the voltage of +26000 V to a parallel flight in only one direction
in the TV-tube. This elevation of the particle energy by 6 orders transfers
the electrons from a thermal state
of matter into a non-thermal state of matter. This filament gets a
thermal state of matter again in the TV
screen. A filament is a parallel flight of either electrons (Fig.2) or
ions (Fig.3).
Fig. 2 Terrestrial filaments
(Stormguy). Divided into 28 parts, the big lightning keeps all branches
in circular cross section. It
would be invisible in all wavelengths in vacuum because its electrons
do not attract (Fig.3) but repulse electrons. |
Fig. 3 Cold light of celestial filaments.
TRACE shows bright foot-points and active (positive) area on the right
and coronal hole (black negative area) on the left, where the positive
filaments land. |
The
TV-beams, the ion-beams, sparks from electrified combs and clothes, X-ray
tubes, lightning (Table 1 and Fig.2) in our everyday life do not emit heat.
Solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma bodies do have the heat-motion, but these
filaments do not. Above these four
„thermal states of matter“, we can recognise a fifth, a „non-thermal
state of matter“ (Also below these thermal states, a non-thermal state of matter exists,
the Bose-Einstein condensate, see Table 3). The circular cross section
can be observed on the TV-screen and in all filaments of a diameter of 0.01
mm (in CERN Table 1) up to many 1000 light-year (in jets of radiogalaxies).
Coronal filaments have the same width on the solar disc and on the limbs (Fig.3)
i.e. these ion-filaments also have an exact circular cross section.
Gravity produces
spheres i.e. bodies of minimal volume (e.g. the Sun). All sections are circular.
The electric force – the other force of infinite radius – produces
cylinders i.e. bodies of minimal (circular) cross section. Spheres keep
this rule along 4 orders of diameters but filaments along 20 orders!
The electrically neutral jet
of an aeroplane has no filament-state, therefore, it cannot keep its circular
cross section. If all filaments would be neutral, their “explanation”
would need the production of trillions of mysterious magnetic tubes in lengths
and in diameters of 20 orders! But we cannot find magnetic tubes already for
the 8 very different kinds of solar filaments (Table 2).
Why do thousands of the solar
filaments (Fig.3 Table 2) have a circular cross section (Klimchuk 1992, 1999)?
Terrestrial filaments are made electrically and the attraction among electric
currents (the pinch-effect) automatically produces their observed exact circular
cross section at varying diameters:
Name: |
Spark |
CERN |
TV |
auto |
furnace |
X-ray tu. |
Graaff |
lightning |
Diameter: |
0.01 mm |
0.01 mm |
0.1 mm |
0.1 mm |
1.5 mm |
3 mm |
5 mm |
25 mm |
Table 1 TERRESTRIAL
FILAMENTS: In CERN or in Fermilab, the ion-beam is only 20 mm long but it
consists of ions of max. 1011 eV i.e. million times higher energy
than the ions in supernovae. An electron furnace can transfer 150 kW with
its electrons; its thin and invisible filament of a huge power does not emit
heat, only the circular spot on the target. It heats very concentrated. X-ray
tubes and Van de Graaff generators have electrons of 105 eV and
106 eV. These filaments
have by orders different diameters, lengths, powers but exactly the same cylinder-form
and the same motion of particles in only one direction and with only one velocity.
All these filaments can oscillate like crystals and are fully organized also
in their smallest parts (Fig.2) like crystals.
Are
the celestial filaments made also electrically? How can the electrons
and ions be separated against their very strong attraction? Nature separates
electric charges, not only in the lightning. E.g. the cosmic rays consist
of positive ions and less than 0.1% electrons. Simply, many stars thermally
separate electrons from the ions via equ.2 as briefly described below (Körtvélyessy):
The 1836 times lighter electrons have,
in all temperatures, the same energy as the protons but a times
higher velocity. This charges the solar surface negatively and the core positively
(Eddington in 1920´s). The solar wind is the continual electrostatic explosion
of these thermoelement-electrons. The solar UV-filaments are the electrostatic
explosion of the surfaced positive charge – emerged (as “proton
bubbles”) from the positive core 11-yearly. Fig.3 shows these cold explosions
as the bright foot points. The iron-ions are electrostatically ejected from
an UV-bright (positive) surface-area and lands in an UV-dark (negative) area,
named unfortunately „coronal hole“. Iron ions in the upper solar
gas layer are ejected by the lower ones. In Fig.3, ion-filaments are ejected
from the red area on the right and land on the dark area on the left. Immediately
after the ejection, the jet will be thin via pinch effect. An ion-filament
can leave the Sun forever because the repulsion of its emitting positive area
pushes it long away and stronger than far negative solar areas attract it.
(These areas clearly modulate the positive cosmic ray flux, the velocity of
the (negative) solar wind and the X-ray flux (as ion-recombination) i.e. the
solar body cannot be a short circuit as usually supposed!)
The corona-problem represents more than
hundred problems. Ten ones are as follows:
THE SOLUTION OF
ALL CORONA PROBLEMS
is the correct state of matter. Simply, the corona is not in the fourth
but in the fifth state of matter. So, the corona obeys all laws of physics.
The electrically emitted coronal ions
fly along straight lines, they do not emit any electromagnetic waves from
their very high motion energy, no X-ray, no UV - similar to the electron
beam in the TV. But they emit X-ray and UV (Fig.3) from their high electric
energy via cold recombination of ions. These ions are present already
at the start of the filament and are the cause of ejection. Ions are not made
during the flight by thermal motion which does not exist! Also Fig. 3 shows
no new ions. The corona is not hot and not cold. Its ions fly parallel to
each other without collision along thousands of kilometres (Fig.3).
The ions produce the filament and the filament does not produce the ions!
Positive matter in these filaments flights to a negative (UV-dark) area. The
ejection of a filament is always possible in the case of the Sun or even at
the black hole because the electrostatic repulsion is 1036 times
stronger than gravity between two protons. The attractive gravity has a relatively
very weak effect compared to the repulsing electric force. No thousands
of different “magnetic beds” are necessary! The solar filaments
are electrostatic geysers directed by an electrostatic field.
A filament can even oscillate as a bell
and a trombone! A larger diameter increases the pinch effect, the smaller
diameter increases the mutual electrostatic repulsion among the ions in a
diameter-oscillation. This oscillation and that along the lengths broadens
the spectral lines which suggest a coronal temperature above 7 MK in the same
filament which should be “only 1.8 MK” due to its Fe13+
ions. Naturally both “temperature-measurements” have no sense
because in the fifth state of matter no heat motion and no temperature exist. The
fifth state of matter explains also the fact that a solar eruption makes the
cylinder of the oscillating ions longer and longer. Analogy is a continually
elongated trombone. One of the radio-emissions similarly shows a continually
falling frequency.
Galileo saw the penumbra of
the sunspots. Larger telescopes show no grey ring but 100-200 fine dark filaments
around the sunspots (Fig.4). Herschel named small, structure-less and round
spots „planetary nebulae“, the Hubble Space Telescope resolves
about 40 fine filaments in the Eskimo planetary-nebula (Fig. 5). Filaments
(“legs”) of the M1-nebula gave later the name “Crab”
to it.
Fig.
4 Filaments
of penumbrae (W. Lille) |
|
Skylab detected puzzling layers
of the solar corona. SOHO and TRACE show no layers but hundreds of very fine
filaments which culminate mostly higher if their atoms are stronger ionised
(Fig. 3).
ROSAT showed the supernova remnant
Cassiopeia A as a hot, round, X-ray emitting plasma body (Fig.6), however,
Chandra reveals its about 180 fine filaments (Fig.7) which explain the missing
thermal radiation and almost gravity-free expansion via the fifth state of
matter (Fig.10). Its positive charge explains that the Crab-nebula expands
by 8% accelerated (Nugent)! The jets of the Vela- (Fig.8) and Crab-
(Fig.9) pulsars were shown as coaxial to the rotational axis. Very strong
gravity of the pulsar cannot retard these electrically ejected particles,
moreover, the pulsars seem to be pushed
by the stronger jet with a velocity
of 100 km/s and 150 km/s respectively. Radio telescopes show (up
to 7 million light-years long)
one or two jets of radiogalaxies and the ejected millions of sunmasses.
Fig. 6 Cassiopeia A (ROSAT showed bubbles) |
Fig. 7 Cassiopeia
A (Chandra resolves 180 filaments) |
|
|
Solar
filaments differ only in material and concentration of their ions. All
solar filaments contain positive ions, only the filaments of the stellar wind
are negative. The circular cross section of the solar
wind is visible in the filament-
“curtain” of auroras. These polar filaments, those of the corona
(Fig.3) and penumbra (Fig.4) fly often parallel to each other in equal distances.
The positive filaments attract each other as parallel currents and repulse
each other as positive ions. The energy of all these filaments surely is no
mysterious solar dynamo! The “dynamo” was not found by SOHO.
Name: |
spicula |
chromos |
Penumb |
flare |
polar filam. |
promin |
corona |
CME |
Diameter: |
1 Mm |
2 Mm |
2 Mm |
5 Mm |
10 Mm |
30 Mm |
30 Mm |
1 Gm |
Table 2: Some solar filaments and their typical
diameters. They lay often on the disc and both limbs (similar to
those in Fig. 3) having the same
widths, therefore, the circular cross section is common. (1 Mm = 1000 km)
Characteristics
of bodies in the fifth state of matter: |
They all have a filament-form, their particles fly parallel to the filament
axis. They mostly have particles of higher energy than those of the plasma
bodies. In spite of the very high particle-energy, they all do not emit heat.
They all have a circular cross section and, therefore, a more or less
bent cylindrical body. Like crystals, they have a deeply organised form, also in their smallest
branches (Fig.2). Like crystals, they can oscillate with more frequencies. They move as if gravity would not exist even in the very mouth of a black
hole. Their electric charge is either positive or negative. They dissolve in
space at zero charge.
|
Lightning, mass ejections
are perhaps in no “state of matter” rather in a “flight
of matter”!? However, particles in all states of matter also move, often
with high velocity. The only difference is that particles move in the fifth
state of matter in only one direction, in thermal states, however, in all
3 dimensions. Jets at black holes
and young stars are transformed to lobes i.e. positively charged and hot -
therefore quickly expanding – gas
when they are braked to zero velocity. The motion is essential in all states
of matter, the measured very quick motion in filaments can be produced only
electrically. The particles are electrically charged not only in the fifth
but also in solid and plasma states of matter.
Cosmic ray particles have a clear energy-limit at 1021 eV. Why?
Similar to the upper limit of the
temperature-scale at about 109
K, we can find an upper limit of the particle energies at 1026
eV, by 21 orders higher than the thermal limit of 105 eV in supernovae.
This can be explained as follows:
The supernova-implosion produces a positively charged neutron star which partly
inherits the positive charge excess of the presupernova-core (equ. 2). The
outermost surface layer of a neutron star is covered by one layer of protons.
(A second layer cannot be fixed, it is repulsed by the first one.) The electric
charge of this „mono-proton layer“ is easy to calculate.
On a sphere of an R radius of 8 km, protons are fixed via strong nuclear
force. (Their volume is less than 1 cmł!). One proton needs an area of (10-15)˛
m˛. The highest Q electric charge is given by the relation () of these
areas:
The voltage U of
this sphere is:
(4)
Probably, this is the highest
voltage of the Universe (Körtvélyessy 1999). It is easy to calculate that
this very concentrated positive charge in quick rotation produces the strongest
magnetic field of the Universe in the order of 1010 Tesla. This
electric model of the neutron star claims that the magnetic axis is identical
to the rotational axis - exactly as Fig. 8-9 show. If an atom or a meteor
falls in the direction of the neutron star, it will be attracted by the very
strong gravity of the star. But at a distance of e.g. 800 m, this falling
neutral matter will be torn to electrons and ions by the huge electrostatic
field. The electrons are attracted onto the positive surface (and remain there)
and the ions are repulsed in the jets (Fig.8-9) along light-years, accelerating
to the highest velocities in the Universe.
These
ions are the cosmic ray particles!
This electric model explains
that the heavy ions and not the light electrons are the cosmic ray particles.
Less than 0.1% electrons are in the cosmic rays! Electrons would be easier to accelerate thermally
or by a shock-wave. However, all known non-electric processes are too weak.
The supernova SN 1987a produced a neutrino-peak but no cosmic ray-peak.
Fig. 8 Jets of Vela in rotational axis (Chandra).
This picture discards the old light-tower model. |
Fig. 9 Crab pulsar flies also jetwards (Chandra). |
As these continually produced
cosmic ray particles fly in space, the active (positive) Sun repulses these
positive ions; their flux is lower during solar maximum and after every flare
(Forbush effect). Recently, NASA speaks about a “proton storm”
during a mass ejection of the Sun. Flying ion- and electron-filaments divert
these ions in space and they do not show their origin: the neutron stars.
This electric model can also be deduced. The two nuclear
forces have only a very short radius. Gravity (one of the two forces of infinite
radius) can only attract. Only the positive or negative charge remains as
repulsing accelerator! The highest possible concentration of electric charge
can only be positive, because only the protons can be fixed on a neutron star.
The strong nuclear force of these protons is more than 300 times stronger
than their mutual electrostatic repulsion. Electrons (as leptons) could be
fixed only with gravity which is 1039 times too weak. The supernova
i.e. the highest power-density of the Universe can fix protons onto the neutron
star which is the highest concentration of active matter. Therefore, the positive
neutron star is the strongest possible accelerator of particles.
The acceleration-force of the ions
continually pushes back the neutron star. Perhaps a calculation will show
a big relativistic mass of these ions and explain the velocities of the pulsars
(see arrows of 100 km/s and 150 km/s in Fig. 8-9). The electric repulsion-force
does not stop after the ejection! This model explains the huge matter emission
of pulsars which would be impossible from their neutron body. The non-axial
jet of the Crab-pulsar (see on the left in Fig.9) is not clear.
Fig. 10 The high ranges of the particle energies
in the 3rd, 4th and 5th states of matter.
Thermal bodies exist up to 105 eV, non-thermal bodies up to 1021
eV, theoretically up to 1026 eV. These cosmic rays are continually
accelerated in the jets of the neutron stars (Fig.8 and 9).
This electric model explains
also the measured upper limit of the cosmic rays at 1021 eV.
(Perhaps 1022 eV will be found, too.). The theoretic limit
is 1026 eV (equ.4) because the „electric neutron star“
above can only contain a higher positive charge if it has a larger diameter
due to its mono-proton layer (equ.4). But the neutron star cannot have a larger
diameter without limit because it collapses into a black hole already at about
three sunmasses. Therefore, a cosmic ray particle of an energy of e.g.
1030 eV cannot exist according to this model (Fig.10). The fifth
state of matter is the most energetic one because another state of matter
between e.g. 1026 eV and 1035 eV is not
possible.
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
name: |
Bose-Einstein |
solid |
liquid |
gaseous |
plasma |
filament |
energy: |
~zero |
<crystal |
<attraction |
>attract. |
<105 eV |
<1026 eV |
character: |
non-thermal |
thermal |
thermal |
thermal |
thermal |
non-thermal |
particle-motion: |
no (heat) motion |
particles move in all three dimensions |
motion in only one direction |
Table
3 shows all possible six states of matter. Particles in the Bose-Einstein
condensate have almost zero energy and no heat-energy. In this table, the
energy of the particles increases from left to right by 36 orders. This energy
determines the state of matter in relation to the mutual electrostatic attraction
and to the character of the motion of the particles.
CONSEQUENCES
Physics knows four forces. However, astronomy
of the 20th century did not accept the role of the electric force
of infinite radius. The cause of this aversion was the tradition, a threatening
complication, it was not debated. The present introduction of this force does
not complicate but greatly simplifies astrophysics and astronomy. Now, all
the four forces of Nature are considered and, therefore, hundreds of very
old contradictions are solved.
After millennia of three states of matter,
after a century of four states of matter, the last years enriched us with
additional two states of matter. Very probably, no more than six states of
matter are possible. In the last two states of matter, no thermal energy exists.
In the Bose-Einstein condensate no thermal but only a very-very
low quantum mechanical energy of about 10 -10 eV exists, in the
fifth state of matter a very high velocity in only one direction exists and
a very high electric energy in form of ions or electrons. The fifth state
of matter could be named, therefore, filament-state- or beam state- or electric-state-of
matter due to its form or energy or cause of its particle-acceleration.
The e.g. Fe9+-ions are not indicators
of a temperature of 1MK (Fig.3). They show no high and no low temperature,
but a positive filament, i.e. positive matter in flight emitted by other positive
matter.
Very probably, the Sun has a variable luminosity (causing
e.g. ice-ages) due to its electric function. It emits negative filaments as
the solar wind. It also has an immediate influence within days on our climate
due to its electrically emitted positive filaments which push away the cosmic
ray ions (which can be seeds of clouds) and appear as red sprites above the
terrestrial clouds. If the models of both electrical reactions are confirmed,
the presence and future of mankind – even a possible climate-catastrophe
- depend on matter in the fifth state.
Did we understand the most conspicuous
bodies: the biggest ones (the jets of radio galaxies and galaxy-clusters),
the nearest ones (filaments of the Sun, auroras, lightning), the most energetic
bodies (flares, jets of pulsars) as the first ones? No, they were understood
as the last ones. The matter of these and other filaments is no plasma, but
charged particles moving parallel to the filament axis. This simple rule is
valid for all filaments of diameters in 20 orders! The most important error
of astrophysics is now simply and elegantly corrected after 60 years of mysterious
“magnetic dynamos” and “magnetic tubes”. Nobody has
emphasized, but this supposed “Magnetic Universe” was always thought
to be based on a certain Electric Universe in background. However, this Electric
Universe clearly acts via filaments. No mysteries anymore, only physics are necessary.
The lightning probably was one of the first
bodies which got its own name from the first human beings. But the lightning
and other filaments are the last bodies which were recognised as bodies in
a correct state of matter – two million years later. All other states
of matter were discovered earlier.
Hale, G E National
Academy talk (1913) cited by Lang p 79
Bruce, C E R (1941) Nature 47 p
805-806
Conti, P S and Underhill, A
B (1988) O-stars... NASA SP-497 428 p
Crew, E W (1974) Nature 252
p 539
Crew, E W (2000) The Observatory
Oct. p338
Klimchuk, J A et.al (1992) PASJ
44 L 181
Klimchuk, J A (1999 Marc 25)
private communication
Körtvélyessy, L (1998)
The Electric Universe EFO 704 p
Körtvélyessy, L (1999)
in Kippen et al.: The 5th Gamma Ray Symposium AIP p 867
Körtvélyessy, L (2002) http://www.electric-universe.de
Lang, K R (1995) Sun... Springer
282 p
Nugent, R L (1998) PASP 110
p 831-836
Schrijwer, C J and Title A M
(2001) S&T Feb. p 34, Marc p 35